By Sandra Gordon
Alzheimer’s disease is the leading cause of dementia, characterized by cognitive decline due to the buildup of protein deposits known as “plaques” and “tangles” that accumulate within and between nerve cells in the brain. These deposits disrupt the brain’s circuitry and hinder the flow of blood and oxygen to brain tissue, resulting in the death of nerve cells. Consequently, individuals affected by Alzheimer’s gradually lose their abilities to learn, think, communicate, and remember. The likelihood of developing Alzheimer’s escalates with age; currently, there are 5.7 million Americans diagnosed with the condition, the majority being over the age of 65. Although it is widespread, Alzheimer’s is not considered an inevitable aspect of aging.
“We are on the brink of uncovering the intricacies of this disease. If progress continues as expected, we could see a treatment within the next three to four years that significantly slows the progression of Alzheimer’s,” states Maria C. Carillo, Ph.D., the chief science officer at the Alzheimer’s Association.
What are the primary symptoms?
- Significant memory loss, particularly regarding new information. It’s important to note that occasional forgetfulness, such as misplacing items, does not qualify as a symptom. Those with Alzheimer’s may experience serious lapses, like forgetting someone immediately after being introduced.
- Disorientation or confusion, especially in familiar settings or during routine activities, such as losing one’s way in their own neighborhood.
- Language difficulties. Individuals may struggle to recall common terms, such as names of everyday objects. This can also lead to challenges in organizing thoughts and effectively communicating, significantly impacting work and social interactions.
How is Alzheimer’s identified?
Due to their microscopic size, plaques and tangles cannot be detected through standard imaging techniques like CT scans or MRIs. However, a proficient neurologist can achieve a diagnosis of Alzheimer’s with up to 90 percent accuracy through a comprehensive neurological and physical examination, with a definitive diagnosis often confirmed post-mortem via autopsy.
Is there a way to prevent it?
While aging is the primary risk factor for Alzheimer’s, and genetics may also influence its onset, there are steps one can take to potentially lower their risk:
- Adopting a heart-healthy diet that is low in unhealthy fats and cholesterol yet high in fruits, vegetables, and healthy oils can benefit both cardiovascular health and brain function. A balanced diet may also help reduce inflammation and oxidative stress, both of which have been linked to Alzheimer’s. Research into the effects of fish consumption and omega-3 fatty acids on Alzheimer’s has shown mixed results; however, moderate consumption of alcohol, particularly wine, has been associated with a reduced risk of the disease.
- Maintaining a regular exercise routine. Evidence suggests that consistent moderate physical activity, such as brisk walking, may help prevent the development of plaques and tangles in the brain.
- Remaining socially active and mentally stimulated throughout life. Engaging in lifelong learning can activate the hippocampus, an area in the brain that is severely affected by Alzheimer’s.
“We are on the brink of uncovering the intricacies of this disease. If progress continues as expected, we could see a treatment within the next three to four years that significantly slows the progression of Alzheimer’s.”
Are there treatment options?
While there is currently no cure for Alzheimer’s, the FDA has authorized five prescription medications specifically to address its symptoms. These include cholinesterase inhibitors such as donepezil (Aricept), galantamine (Razadyne), and rivastigmine (Exelon), which function by enhancing levels of acetylcholine, a neurotransmitter critical for memory and cognitive processes. Additionally, there is memantine (Namenda) that aims to improve memory, attention, reasoning, and the capability to perform basic tasks. Another option, Namzaric, combines donepezil and memantine and is designed for patients with moderate to severe Alzheimer’s. These medications can provide patients with some extra time to make necessary plans and decisions while they are still mentally aware. Ongoing research may soon yield additional drugs that target the disease itself rather than just alleviating its symptoms. On average, individuals diagnosed with Alzheimer’s can expect to live for approximately eight years, though some may survive up to 20 years following the diagnosis.
For more details, visit the Alzheimer’s Association at www.alz.org.
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